Kyoto Russian КИОТСКОГО

KYOTO КИОТСКОГО

PROTOCOL TO THE Протокола

UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE РАМОЧНАЯ КОНВЕНЦИЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ОБЪЕДИНЕННЫХ НАЦИЙ ОБ ИЗМЕНЕНИИ КЛИМАТА




The Parties to this Protocol , Стороны настоящего Протокола,



Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, hereinafter referred to as "the Convention", Являясь Сторонами Рамочной конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций об изменении климата, далее упоминаемой как "Конвенция",


In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2, Стремясь к достижению конечной цели Конвенции, как она изложена в статье 2,


Recalling the provisions of the Convention, Ссылаясь на положения Конвенции,

Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention, Руководствуясь статьей 3 Конвенции,



Pursuant to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of the Во исполнение Берлинского мандата, принятого в решении 1/CP.1

Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session, Конференция участников Конвенции на ее первой сессии,


Have agreed as follows: Договорились о нижеследующем:


Article 1 Статья 1


For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. Для целей настоящего Протокола применяются определения, содержащиеся в статье 1 Конвенции. In addition: Кроме того:



1. 1. "Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention. "Конференция Сторон" означает Конференцию Сторон Конвенции.



2. 2. "Convention" means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York on 9 May 1992. "Конвенция" означает Рамочную конвенцию Организации Объединенных Наций об изменении климата, принятую в Нью-Йорке 9 мая 1992 года.



3. 3. "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" means the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. "Межправительственная группа экспертов по изменению климата" означает Межправительственную группу экспертов по изменению климата, учрежденную в 1988 году совместно со Всемирной метеорологической организацией и Программой ООН по окружающей среде.



4. 4. "Montreal Protocol" means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended. "Монреальский протокол" означает Монреальский протокол по веществам, разрушающим озоновый слой, принятый в Монреале 16 сентября 1987 года в него впоследствии изменениями и поправками.



5. 5. "Parties present and voting" means Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote. "присутствующие и участвующие в голосовании" означают Стороны, присутствующие и литье утвердительного или отрицательного голосования.



6. 6. "Party" means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this Protocol. "Сторона" означает, если не указано иное, Сторону настоящего Протокола.



7. 7. "Party included in Annex I" means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, as may be amended, or a Party which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph 2(g), of the Convention. "Сторона, включенная в приложение I", означает Сторону, включенную в Приложение I к Конвенции, могут быть изменены, или Сторону, которая представила уведомление в соответствии со статьей 4, пункт 2 (г), Конвенции.


Article 2 Статья 2


1. 1. Each Party included in Annex I, in achieving its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall: Каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, при выполнении своих количественному ограничению и сокращению выбросов согласно статье 3, в целях поощрения устойчивого развития:



(a) Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as: (а) осуществляет и / или далее разрабатывает политику и меры в соответствии со своими национальными условиями, как:



(i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national economy; (я) повышение эффективности использования энергии в соответствующих секторах национальной экономики;



(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its commitments under relevant international environmental agreements; promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation; (ii) охрана и повышение качества поглотителей и накопителей парниковых газов, не регулируемых Монреальским протоколом, с учетом своих обязательств по соответствующим международным природоохранным соглашениям; поощрение устойчивого лесопользования, лесовосстановления и облесения;



(iii) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate change considerations; (iii) поощрение устойчивых форм сельского хозяйства в свете изменения климата;



(iv) Research on, and promotion, development and increased use of, new and renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologies and of advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies; (iv) проведение исследовательских работ, содействие внедрению, разработка и более широкое использование новых и возобновляемых видов энергии, диоксида углерода и технологий, передовых и инновационных экологически безопасных технологий;



(v) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas emitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention and application of market instruments; (v) постепенное сокращение или устранение рыночных диспропорций, фискальных стимулов, налоговых и пошлинных сборов и субсидий во всех источниках выбросов парниковых газов, секторов, которые идут вразрез с целями Конвенции, и применение рыночных инструментов;



(vi) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol; (vi) поощрение надлежащих реформ в соответствующих секторах в целях содействия осуществлению политики и мер, ограничивающих или сокращающих выбросы парниковых газов, не регулируемых Монреальским протоколом;



(vii) Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector; (vii) меры по ограничению и / или сокращению выбросов парниковых газов, не регулируемых Монреальским протоколом, на транспорте;



(viii) Limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery and use in waste management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of energy; (viii) ограничение и / или сокращение выбросов метана путем рекуперации и использования при удалении отходов, а также при производстве, транспортировке и распределении энергии;



(b) Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and combined effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article, pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 2(e)(i), of the Convention. (б) сотрудничать с другими такими Сторонами в целях повышения индивидуальной и совокупной эффективности их политики и мер, принятых в соответствии с настоящей статьей, в соответствии со статьей 4, пункт 2 (е) (я), Конвенции. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their experience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing ways of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness. С этой целью эти Стороны предпринимают шаги для распространения своего опыта и обмена информацией о таких политике и мерах, включая разработку способов повышения их сопоставимости, транспарентности и эффективности. The Conference of the Конференции

Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, consider ways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account all relevant information. Сторон, выступающей в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, на своей первой сессии или впоследствии, как только это будет практически возможно, рассмотрит пути содействия такому сотрудничеству с учетом всей соответствующей информации.



2. 2. The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marine bunker fuels, working through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization, respectively. Стороны, включенные в приложение I, проводят ограничения или сокращения выбросов парниковых газов, не регулируемых Монреальским протоколом от авиационного и морского бункерного топлива, работая в рамках Международной организации гражданской авиации и Международной морской организацией, соответственно.



3. 3. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures under this Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of climate change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other Parties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. Стороны, включенные в приложение I, стремятся осуществлять политику и меры в соответствии с настоящей статьей таким образом, чтобы свести к минимуму неблагоприятные последствия, в том числе неблагоприятные последствия изменения климата, воздействие на международную торговлю и социальные, экологические и экономические последствия для других Сторон, особенно развивающимся странам и, в частности, указанных в статье 4, пункты 8 и 9 Конвенции, с учетом статьи 3 Конвенции. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph. Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, может принять дальнейшие меры, в случае необходимости, в целях содействия осуществлению положений настоящего пункта.



4. 4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, if it decides that it would be beneficial to coordinate any of the policies and measures in Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, если оно решит, что было бы полезно координации любых политики и мер в

paragraph 1(a) above, taking into account different national circumstances and potential effects, shall consider ways and means to elaborate the coordination of such policies and measures. пункта 1 (а) выше, с учетом различных национальных условий и потенциальных последствий, рассматривает пути и средства налаживания координации таких политики и мер.


Article 3 Статья 3


1. 1. The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. Стороны, включенные в приложение I, по отдельности или совместно обеспечивают, чтобы их совокупные антропогенные выбросы в эквиваленте диоксида углерода парниковых газов, перечисленных в приложении А, не превышали установленных для них количеств, рассчитанных во исполнение их количественному ограничению и сокращению выбросов, зафиксированных в приложении B и в соответствии с положениями настоящей статьи, в целях сокращения их общих выбросов таких газов по меньшей мере на 5 процентов ниже уровня 1990 года в период действия обязательств с 2008 по 2012 год.



2. 2. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable progress in achieving its commitments under this Protocol. Каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, к 2005 году добивается очевидного прогресса в выполнении своих обязательств по настоящему Протоколу.



3. 3. The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from direct human-induced land-use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks in each commitment period, shall be used to meet the commitments under this Article of each Party included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks associated with those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8. Чистых изменений в выбросах парниковых газов из источников и абсорбции поглотителями в результате прямого антропогенного изменения землепользования и лесного хозяйства, ограниченные облесения, лесовосстановления и обезлесения с 1990 года, измеренный как поддающиеся проверке изменения в накоплениях углерода в каждый период действия обязательств, должны быть использованы для покрытия обязательств по настоящей статьи каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I. выбросов парниковых газов из источников и абсорбции поглотителями, связанные с эти мероприятия должны представляться в транспарентном и поддающемся проверке виде и рассматриваются в соответствии со статьями 7 и 8.



4. 4. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide, for consideration by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, data to establish its level of carbon stocks in 1990 and to enable an estimate to be made of its changes in carbon stocks in subsequent years. До первой сессии Конференции Сторон, выступающей в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, представляет на рассмотрение Вспомогательного органа по научным и техническим аспектам данные для установления ее уровня углерода запасов в 1990 году и дать оценку быть достигнут ее изменения в накоплениях углерода в последующие годы. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, decide upon modalities, rules and guidelines as to how, and which, additional human-induced activities related to changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the agricultural soils and the land-use change and forestry categories shall be added to, or subtracted from, the assigned amounts for Parties included in Annex I, taking into account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in accordance with Article 5 and the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, на своей первой сессии или впоследствии, как только это будет практически возможно, примет решение в отношении условий, правил и руководящих принципов, касающихся того, как и какие дополнительные виды деятельности человека, связанные с изменениями выбросов парниковых газов из источников и абсорбции поглотителями в сельскохозяйственных земель и землепользовании и лесного хозяйства категорий должен быть добавлен, или вычитаются из них, установленным для Сторон, включенных в приложение I, с учетом факторов неопределенности, транспарентности при представлении докладов , возможности проверки, методологической работы Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата, консультаций, представляемых Вспомогательным органом по научным и техническим аспектам в соответствии со статьей 5, и решений Конференции Сторон. Such a decision shall apply in the second and subsequent commitment periods. Такое решение применяется во второй и последующие периоды действия обязательств. A Party may choose to apply such a decision on these additional human-induced activities for its first commitment period, provided that these activities have taken place since 1990. Сторона может решить применять такое решение об этих дополнительных видов деятельности человека в свой первый период действия обязательств при условии, что эти виды деятельности имеют место с 1990 года.



5. 5. The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy whose base year or period was established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of the Conference of the Parties at its second session shall use that base year or period for the implementation of their commitments under this Article. Стороны, включенные в приложение I, которые осуществляют процесс перехода к рыночной экономике которых базовый год или период был создан в соответствии с решением 9/CP.2 с Конференцией Сторон на ее второй сессии используют этот базовый год или период для осуществления своих обязательств по настоящей статье. Any other Party included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy which has not yet submitted its first national communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol that it intends to use an historical base year or period other than 1990 for the implementation of its commitments under this Article. Любая другая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, которые осуществляют процесс перехода к рыночной экономике, которая еще не представила свое первое национальное сообщение согласно статье 12 Конвенции, может также уведомить Конференцию Сторон, выступающей в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, что она намерена использовать исторический базовый год или период, за исключением 1990 года для осуществления своих обязательств по настоящей статье. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall decide on the acceptance of such notification. Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, решает вопрос о принятии такого уведомления.



6. 6. Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, in the implementation of their commitments under this Protocol other than those under this Article, a certain degree of flexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy. С учетом пункта 6 статьи 4 Конвенции, в выполнении своих обязательств по настоящему Протоколу, за исключением согласно настоящей статье, определенная степень гибкости будет предоставлена Конференцией Сторон, выступающей в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола на Стороны, включенные в приложение I, которые осуществляют процесс перехода к рыночной экономике.



7. 7. In the first quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from В первом количественному ограничению и сокращению выбросов периода, с

2008 to 2012, the assigned amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal to the percentage inscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base year or period determined in accordance with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five. с 2008 по 2012 год, установленное количество для каждой Стороны, включенные в приложение I, должна составлять процент записавшихся для нее в приложении В его совокупные антропогенные выбросы в эквиваленте диоксида углерода парниковых газов, перечисленных в приложении А в 1990 году, или за базовый год или период, определенный в соответствии с пунктом 5 выше, умноженной на пять. Those Parties included in Annex I for whom land-use change and forestry constituted a net source of greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 shall include in their 1990 emissions base year or period the aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by sources minus removals by sinks in 1990 from land-use change for the purposes of calculating their assigned amount. Те Стороны, включенные в приложение I, для которых изменения в землепользовании и лесное хозяйство является чистый источник выбросов парниковых газов в 1990 году, включает в в 1990 году выбросы за базовый год или период совокупные антропогенные выбросы в эквиваленте диоксида углерода из источников за вычетом абсорбции поглотителями в 1990 году из изменения землепользования Для расчета их количества.



8. 8. Any Party included in Annex I may use 1995 as its base year for hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in paragraph 7 above. Любая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, может использовать 1995 год как базовый год для гидрофторуглеродов, перфторуглеродов и гексафторида серы, для целей расчета, упомянутого в пункте 7 выше.



9. 9. Commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I shall be established in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of Article 21, paragraph 7. Обязательства для последующих периодов для Сторон, включенных в приложение I, устанавливаются в поправках к приложению В к настоящему Протоколу, которые принимаются в соответствии с положениями пункта 7 статьи 21. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration of such commitments at least seven years before the end of the first commitment period referred to in paragraph 1 above. Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола начинает рассмотрение таких обязательств по крайней мере, семь лет до конца первого периода действия обязательств, упомянутого в пункте 1 выше.



10. 10. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17 shall be added to the assigned amount for the acquiring Party. Любые единицы сокращения выбросов или любая часть установленного количества, которые какая-либо Сторона приобретает у другой Стороны в соответствии с положениями статьи 6 или статьи 17, прибавляются к установленному количеству приобретающей Стороны.



11. 11. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party transfers to another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17 shall be subtracted from the assigned amount for the transferring Party. Любые единицы сокращения выбросов или любая часть установленного количества, которые какая-либо Сторона передает другой Стороне в соответствии с положениями статьи 6 или статьи 17, вычитаются из установленного количества передающей Стороны.



12. 12. Any certified emission reductions which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount for the acquiring Party. Любые сертифицированные единицы сокращения выбросов, которые какая-либо Сторона приобретает у другой Стороны в соответствии с положениями статьи 12, прибавляются к установленному количеству приобретающей Стороны.



13. 13. If the emissions of a Party included in Annex I in a commitment period are less than its assigned amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, be added to the assigned amount for that Party for subsequent commitment periods. Если выбросы Стороны, включенной в приложение I, в период действия обязательств меньше ее установленное количество согласно настоящей статье, то эта разница, по просьбе этой Стороны, прибавляется к установленному количеству этой Стороны на последующие периоды действия обязательств.



14. 14. Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments mentioned in paragraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental and economic impacts on developing country Parties, particularly those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention. Каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, стремится осуществлять обязательства, упомянутые в пункте 1 выше, таким образом, чтобы свести к минимуму неблагоприятные социальные, экологические и экономические последствия для Сторон, являющихся развивающимися странами, особенно тех, которые указаны в статье 4, пункты 8 и 9, в Конвенции. In line with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties on the implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, consider what actions are necessary to minimize the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impacts of response measures on Parties referred to in those paragraphs. Согласно соответствующим решениям Конференции Сторон об осуществлении этих пунктов Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, на своей первой сессии рассмотрит, какие действия необходимо свести к минимуму неблагоприятные последствия изменения климата и / или последствий мер реагирования для Сторон, о которых говорится в этих пунктах. Among the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding, insurance and transfer of technology. Среди вопросов, которые необходимо рассмотреть, относится обеспечение финансирования, страхования и передачи технологии.




Article 4 Статья 4






1. 1. Any Parties included in Annex I that have reached an agreement to fulfil their commitments under Article 3 jointly, shall be deemed to have met those commitments provided that their total combined aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of Article 3. Любые Стороны, включенные в приложение I, которые достигли соглашения по выполнению своих обязательств по статье 3 совместно, считается выполнили эти обязательства при условии, что их совокупное совокупные антропогенные выбросы в эквиваленте диоксида углерода парниковых газов, перечисленных в приложении А, не превышает им сумм, рассчитанных во исполнение их определенных количественных ограничению и сокращению выбросов, зафиксированных в приложении В, и в соответствии с положениями статьи 3. The respective emission level allocated to each of the Parties to the agreement shall be set out in that agreement. Соответствующий уровень выбросов, устанавливаемый для каждой из Сторон такого соглашения, определяется в этом соглашении.



2. 2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the Стороны любого такого соглашения уведомляют секретариат об условиях

agreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval of this Protocol, or accession thereto. соглашения в день сдачи на хранение своих документов о ратификации, принятии или одобрении настоящего Протокола или присоединении к нему. The secretariat shall in turn inform the Parties and signatories to the Convention of the terms of the agreement. Секретариат в свою очередь информирует Стороны и сигнатариев Конвенции об условиях данного соглашения.



3. 3. Any such agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the commitment period specified in Article 3, paragraph 7. Любое такое соглашение остается в силе в эксплуатацию в течение периода действия обязательств, указанных в пункте 7 статьи 3.



4. 4. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional Если Стороны, действующие совместно делать это в рамках, а вместе с региональными

economic integration organization, any alteration in the composition of the organization after adoption of this Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. организацией экономической интеграции, то никакое изменение в составе этой организации после принятия настоящего Протокола не влияет на существующие обязательства по настоящему Протоколу. Any alteration in the composition of the organization shall only apply for the purposes of those commitments under Article 3 that are adopted subsequent to that alteration. Любое изменение состава организации применяется только для целей тех обязательств по статье 3, которые были приняты после этого изменения.



5. 5. In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their total В случае невыполнения Сторонами такого соглашения для достижения их общей

combined level of emission reductions, each Party to that agreement shall be responsible for its own level of emissions set out in the agreement. комбинированных сокращений уровня выбросов, каждая Сторона этого соглашения несет ответственность за свой уровень выбросов, установленный в соглашении.



6. 6. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional Если Стороны, действующие совместно делать это в рамках, а вместе с региональными

economic integration organization which is itself a Party to this Protocol, each member State of that regional economic integration organization individually, and together with the regional economic integration organization acting in accordance with Article 24, shall, in the event of failure to achieve the total combined level of emission reductions, be responsible for its level of emissions as notified in accordance with this Article. организацией экономической интеграции, которая сама является Стороной настоящего Протокола, каждое государство - член такой региональной организации экономической интеграции по отдельности и вместе с региональной организацией экономической интеграции, действующей в соответствии со статьей 24, в случае невозможности достижения совокупного сокращений уровня выбросов несет ответственность за свой уровень выбросов, уведомление в соответствии с настоящей статьей.





Article 5 Статья 5





1. 1. Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than one year prior to the start of the first commitment period, a national system for the estimation of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, имеет в месте, не позднее чем за один год до начала первого периода действия обязательств национальную систему для оценки антропогенных выбросов из источников и абсорбции поглотителями всех парниковых газов, не регулируемых Монреальским Протокол. Guidelines for such national systems, which shall incorporate the methodologies specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session. Руководящие принципы для таких национальных систем, которые должны включать методологии, указанные в пункте 2 ниже, должно быть принято Конференцией Сторон, выступающей в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, на своей первой сессии.



2. 2. Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Методологии для оценки антропогенных выбросов из источников и абсорбции поглотителями всех парниковых газов, не регулируемых Монреальским протоколом, должны быть такими, принято Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата и согласованы Конференцией Сторон на своей третьей сессии. Where such methodologies are not used, appropriate adjustments shall be applied according to methodologies agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session. Когда такие методологии не используются, вносятся надлежащие коррективы должны применяться в соответствии с методологиями, одобренными Конференцией Сторон, выступающей в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, на своей первой сессии. Based on the work of, inter alia , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise such methodologies and adjustments, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. На основе работы, в частности, Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата и консультаций, предоставляемых Вспомогательным органом по научным и техническим аспектам, Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, регулярно рассматривает и, по мере необходимости , пересмотр таких методологий и коррективов, в полной мере принимая во внимание любые соответствующие решения Конференции Сторон. Any revision to methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of ascertaining compliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision. Любой пересмотр методологий или коррективов, должны использоваться только для целей установления соблюдения обязательств по статье 3 в отношении любого периода действия обязательств, что пересмотра.



3. 3. The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases listed in Annex A shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Потенциалов глобального потепления, используемой для расчета эквивалента диоксида углерода антропогенных выбросов из источников и абсорбции поглотителями парниковых газов, перечисленных в приложении должны быть такими принято Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата и согласованы на Конференции Сторон на ее третьем сессии. Based on the work of, inter alia , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise the global warming potential of each such greenhouse gas, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. На основе работы, в частности, Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата и консультаций, предоставляемых Вспомогательным органом по научным и техническим аспектам, Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, регулярно рассматривает и, по мере необходимости пересмотреть потенциала глобального потепления каждого такого парникового газа, в полной мере принимая во внимание любые соответствующие решения Конференции Сторон. Any revision to a global warming potential shall apply only to commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision. Любой пересмотр потенциала глобального потепления применяется только к обязательствам по статье 3 в отношении любого периода действия обязательств, что пересмотра.




Article 6 Статья 6






1. 1. For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in Для целей выполнения своих обязательств по статье 3 любая Сторона, включенная в

Annex I may transfer to, or acquire from, any other such Party emission reduction units resulting from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy, provided that: Приложение I, может передавать, или приобрести у любой другой такой Стороне единицы сокращения выбросов в результате проектов, направленных на сокращение антропогенных выбросов из источников или увеличение антропогенной абсорбции поглотителями парниковых газов в любом секторе экономики, при условии, что:



(a) Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved; (а) любой такой проект был утвержден участвующими Сторонами;



(b) Any such project provides a reduction in emissions by sources, or an enhancement of removals by sinks, that is additional to any that would otherwise occur; (б) любой такой проект предусматривает сокращение выбросов из источников или увеличение абсорбции поглотителями, дополнительное к тому, что бы место в ином случае;



(c) It does not acquire any emission reduction units if it is not in compliance with its obligations under Articles 5 and 7; and (с) она не приобретает никаких единиц сокращения выбросов, если она не соблюдает свои обязательства по статьям 5 и 7; и



(d) The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be supplemental to domestic actions for the purposes of meeting commitments under Article 3. (г) приобретение единиц сокращения выбросов дополняет внутренние действия для целей выполнения обязательств по статье 3.



2. 2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelines for the implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting. Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, может на своей первой сессии или впоследствии, как только это будет практически возможно, выработать дальнейшие руководящие принципы для осуществления настоящей статьи, в том числе для проверки и представления докладов.



3. 3. A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to participate, under its responsibility, in actions leading to the generation, transfer or acquisition under this Article of emission reduction units. Сторона, включенная в приложение I, может уполномочивать юридических лиц участвовать, под ее ответственность, в действиях, ведущих к получению, передаче или приобретению в соответствии с настоящей статьей единиц сокращения выбросов.



4. 4. If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of the requirements referred to in this Article is identified in accordance with the relevant provisions of Если вопрос об осуществлении Сторона, включенная в приложение I, требований, указанных в настоящей статье, определяется в соответствии с соответствующими положениями

Article 8, transfers and acquisitions of emission reduction units may continue to be made after the question has been identified, provided that any such units may not be used by a Party to meet its commitments under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved. Статья 8, передача и приобретение единиц сокращения выбросов могут продолжаться после вопроса было определено, что никакие такие единицы не могут использоваться ни одной из Сторон для выполнения своих обязательств по статье 3 до тех пор, пока не будет решен вопрос о соблюдении.





Article 7 Статья 7





1. 1. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, the necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below. Каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, включает в свой ежегодный кадастр антропогенных выбросов из источников и абсорбции поглотителями парниковых газов, не регулируемых Монреальским протоколом, представляемый в соответствии с соответствующими решениями Конференции Сторон, необходимую дополнительную информацию для целей обеспечения соблюдения статьи 3, которые будут определены в соответствии с пунктом 4 ниже.



2. 2. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national communication, submitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessary to demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below. Каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, включает в свое национальное сообщение, представляемое согласно статье 12 Конвенции, дополнительную информацию, необходимую для демонстрации соблюдения своих обязательств по настоящему Протоколу, которые будут определены в соответствии с пунктом 4 ниже.



3. 3. Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required under Каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, представляет информацию, требуемую согласно

paragraph 1 above annually, beginning with the first inventory due under the Convention for the first year of the commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for that Party. Each such Party shall submit the information required under paragraph 2 above as part of the first national communication due under the Convention after this Protocol has entered into force for it and after the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph 4 below. пункту 1 выше, начиная с первого кадастра, подлежащего представлению согласно Конвенции, за первый год периода действия обязательств после настоящий Протокол вступил в силу для этой Стороны. Каждая такая Сторона представляет информацию, требуемую согласно пункту 2 выше, как часть первого национального сообщения, подлежащего представлению согласно Конвенции, после этого протокол вступит в силу для него и после принятия руководящих принципов, как это предусмотрено в пункте 4 ниже. The frequency of subsequent submission of information required under this Article shall be determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, taking into account any timetable for the submission of national communications decided upon by the Conference of the Parties. Периодичность последующего представления информации, требуемой согласно настоящей статье, определяется Конференцией Сторон, выступающей в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, с учетом любого расписания для представления национальных сообщений, принятого Конференцией Сторон .



4. 4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of the information required under this Article, taking into account guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, принимает на своей первой сессии и впоследствии периодически пересматривает руководящие принципы для подготовки информации, требуемой согласно настоящей статье, с учетом руководящих принципов для подготовки национальных сообщений Стороны, включенные в приложение I, принятой на Конференции Сторон. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall also, prior to the first commitment period, decide upon modalities for the accounting of assigned amounts. Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, также до начала первого периода действия обязательств принимает решение о порядке учета установленных количеств.





Article 8 Статья 8





1. 1. The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed by expert review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under paragraph 4 below. Информации, представленной в соответствии со статьей 7 каждой Стороной, включенной в приложение I, должны быть рассмотрены группами экспертов по рассмотрению во исполнение соответствующих решений Конференции Сторон и в соответствии с руководящими принципами, принятыми для этой цели Конференцией Сторон, выступающей в качестве Совещания из Сторон настоящего Протокола, согласно пункту 4 ниже. The information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of emissions inventories and assigned amounts. Информации, представляемой согласно статье 7, пункт 1, каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, рассматривается как часть ежегодных компиляции и учета кадастров выбросов и установленных количеств. Additionally, the information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 2, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the review of communications. Кроме того, информация, представляемая согласно пункту 2 статьи 7, каждая Сторона, включенная в приложение I, рассматривается как часть рассмотрения сообщений.



2. 2. Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the secretariat and shall be composed of experts selected from those nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as appropriate, by intergovernmental organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties. Группы экспертов по рассмотрению координируются секретариатом и состоят из экспертов, отобранных из числа кандидатур, выдвинутых Сторонами Конвенции и, в случае необходимости, межправительственными организациями в соответствии с руководящими указаниями, принятыми для этой цели Конференцией Сторон.



3. 3. The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessment В рамках процесса рассмотрения проводится тщательная и всеобъемлющая техническая оценка

of all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol. всех аспектов осуществления Стороной настоящего Протокола. The expert review teams shall prepare a report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol , assessing the implementation of the commitments of the Party and identifying any potential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfilment of commitments. Группы экспертов по рассмотрению готовят доклад для Конференции Сторон, выступающей в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, оценки осуществления Стороной ее обязательств и выявляются любые потенциальные проблемы и факторы, влияющие на выполнение обязательств. Such reports shall be circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. Такие доклады распространяются секретариатом среди всех Сторон Конвенции. The secretariat shall list those questions of implementation indicated in such reports for further consideration by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Секретариат составляет перечень вопросов, касающихся осуществления, которые были выявлены в таких докладах, для дальнейшего рассмотрения Конференцией Сторон, выступающей в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола.



4. 4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the review of implementation of this Protocol by expert review teams taking into account the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, принимает на своей первой сессии и впоследствии периодически пересматривает руководящие принципы для рассмотрения хода осуществления настоящего Протокола группами экспертов по рассмотрению с учетом соответствующих решений Конференции Сторон.



5. 5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and, as appropriate, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, consider: Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, при содействии Вспомогательного органа по осуществлению и, при необходимости, Вспомогательного органа по научным и техническим аспектам рассматривает:



(a) The information submitted by Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the expert reviews thereon conducted under this Article; and (а) информацию, представленную Сторонами в соответствии со статьей 7, и доклады экспертов об ее рассмотрении, проведенном в соответствии с настоящей статьей; и



(b) Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under (б) те вопросы, касающиеся осуществления перечисленных секретариатом под

paragraph 3 above, as well as any questions raised by Parties. пункте 3 выше, а также любые вопросы, поднятые Сторонами.



6. 6. Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5 above, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take decisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol. В соответствии с рассмотрения информации, упомянутой в пункте 5 выше, Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, принимает решения по любым вопросам, которые необходимы для осуществления настоящего Протокола.





Article 9 Статья 9





1. 1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientific information and assessments on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic information. Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, периодически рассматривает настоящий Протокол в свете наилучшей имеющейся научной информации и оценок изменения климата и его последствий, а также соответствующей технической, социальной и экономической информации. Such reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews under the Convention, in particular those required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, Такие обзоры должны быть согласованы с соответствующими рассмотрениями в рамках Конвенции, в частности, предусмотренных в статье 4, пункт 2 (г), и статьи 7,

paragraph 2(a), of the Convention. пункт 2 (а) Конвенции. Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action. На основе этих рассмотрений Конференция Сторон, выступающая в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола, принимает соответствующие решения.



2. 2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Первое рассмотрение проводится на второй сессии Конференции Сторон, выступающей в качестве совещания Сторон настоящего Протокола. Further reviews shall take place at regular intervals and in a timely manner. Дальнейшие рассмотрения проводятся регулярно и своевременно.





Article 10 Статья 10





All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and Все Стороны, учитывая их общую, но дифференцированную ответственность и

their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without introducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, but reaffirming existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and continuing to advance the implementation of these commitments in order to achieve sustainable development, taking into account Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, shall: свои конкретные национальные и региональные приоритеты, цели и условия, без введения каких-либо новых обязательств для Сторон, не включенных в приложение I, но вновь подтверждая существующие обязательства по статье 4, пункт 1, Конвенции, и дальнейшего прогресса в осуществлении этих обязательств в Для достижения устойчивого развития, принимая во внимание статьи 4, пункты 3, 5 и 7 Конвенции, должны:





(a) Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national () формулируют, когда это уместно и насколько это возможно, эффективные с точки зрения затрат национальные

and, where appropriate, regional programmes to improve the quality of local emission factors, activity data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the preparation and periodic updating of national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent with the guidelines for the preparation of national communications adopted by the Conference of the Parties; и, в соответствующих случаях, региональные программы повышения качества местных показателей выбросов, данных о деятельности и / или моделей, которые отражают социально-экономические условия каждой Стороны, в целях составления и периодического обновления национальных кадастров антропогенных выбросов из источников и абсорбции поглотителями всех парниковых газов, не регулируемых Монреальским протоколом, используя сопоставимые методологии, которые будут согласованы Конференцией Сторон и в соответствии с руководящими принципами для подготовки национальных сообщений, принятыми Конференцией Сторон;



(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change: (б) формулируют, осуществляют, публикуют и регулярно обновляют национальные и, в соответствующих случаях, региональные программы, предусматривающие меры по смягчению последствий изменения климата и меры по содействию адекватной адаптации к изменению климата:



(i) Such programmes would, inter alia , concern the energy, transport and industry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management. (я) такие программы, в частности, касаются энергетики, транспорта и промышленности, а также сельского хозяйства, лесного хозяйства и удаления отходов. Furthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatial planning would improve adaptation to climate change; and Кроме того, благодаря адаптационным технологиям и методам совершенствования территориально-пространственного планирования позволит улучшить адаптации к изменению климата; И



(ii) Parties included in Annex I shall submit information on action under this Protocol, including national programmes, in accordance with Article 7; and other Parties shall seek to include in their national communications, as appropriate, information on programmes which contain measures that the Party believes contribute to addressing climate change and its adverse impacts, including the abatement of increases in greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancement of and removals by sinks, capacity building and adaptation measures; (ii) Стороны, включенные в приложение I, представляют информацию о действиях согласно настоящему Протоколу, включая национальные программы, в соответствии со статьей 7; а другие Стороны стремятся включить в свои национальные сообщения, в случае необходимости, информация о программах, предусматривающих меры, которые Сторона считает, способствуют решению проблем изменения климата и его неблагоприятных последствий, включая борьбу с увеличением выбросов парниковых газов, и укрепление и абсорбции поглотителями, укрепление потенциала и адаптационные меры;



(c) Cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development, application and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies, know-how, practices and processes pertinent to climate change, in particular to developing countries, including the formulation of policies and programmes for the effective transfer of (с) сотрудничают в поощрении создания эффективных условий для разработки, применения и распространения, и принять все возможные меры для поощрения, облегчения и финансирования в соответствующих случаях передачи или доступа к экологически чистым технологиям, ноу-хау, практики и процессов, имеющих отношение к изменению климата, в частности для развивающихся стран, включая разработку политики и программ эффективной передачи

environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the creation of an enabling environment for the private sector, to promote and enhance the transfer of, and access to, environmentally sound technologies; экологически безопасных технологий, которые принадлежат государству или являются общедоступными, а также создание благоприятных условий для развития частного сектора, в целях поощрения и расширения передачи и доступа к экологически чистым технологиям;



(d) Cooperate in scientific and technical research and promote the maintenance and the development of systematic observation systems and development of data archives to reduce uncertainties related to the climate system, the adverse impacts of climate change and the economic and social consequences of various response strategies, and promote the development and strengthening of endogenous capacities and capabilities to participate in international and intergovernmental efforts, programmes and networks on research and systematic observation, taking into account Article 5 of the Convention; (г) сотрудничают в научно-технических исследованиях и способствуют сохранению и развитию систем систематического наблюдения и развитию архивов данных для снижения неопределенностей, связанных с климатической системой, неблагоприятными последствиями изменения климата и экономическими и социальными последствиями различных стратегий реагирования , а также поощряют развитие и укрепление внутреннего потенциала и возможностей участвовать в международных и межправительственных усилиях, программах и сетях в области научных исследований и систематического наблюдения, принимая во внимание статью 5 Конвенции;









(e) Cooperate in and promote at the international level, and, where appropriate, (е) по сотрудничеству и поощрению на международном уровне, и, при необходимости,

using existing bodies, the development and implementation of education and training programmes, including the strengthening of national capacity building, in particular human and institutional capacities and the exchange or secondment of personnel to train experts in this field, in particular for developing countries, and facilitate at the national level public awareness of, and public access to information on, climate change. использованием существующих органов, разработка и осуществление программ просвещения и подготовки кадров, включая активизацию укрепления национального потенциала, в частности людских и организационных ресурсов, и обмен сотрудниками или прикомандирование сотрудников для подготовки экспертов в этой области, особенно для развивающихся стран и способствовать на национальном уровне информированию общественности и доступу общественности к информации об изменении климата. Suitable modalities should be developed to implement these activities through the relevant bodies of the Convention, taking into account Article 6 of the Convention; Приемлемые условия должны быть разработаны для осуществления этой деятельности в рамках соответствующих органов Конвенции, с учетом статьи 6 Конвенции;



(f) Include in their national communications information on programmes and activities undertaken pursuant to this Article in accordance with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties; and (ж) включать в свои национальные сообщения информацию о программах и деятельности, осуществляемых во исполнение настоящей статьи согласно соответствующим решениям Конференции Сторон; и



(g) Give full consideration, in implementing the commitments under this Article, to Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Convention.





Article 11





1. In the implementation of Article 10, Parties shall take into account the provisions of Article 4, paragraphs 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9, of the Convention.



2. In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, in accordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 3, and Article 11 of the Convention, and through the entity or entities entrusted with the operation of the financial mechanism of the Convention, the developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to the Convention shall: In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, in accordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 3, and Article 11 of the Convention, and through the entity or entities entrusted with the operation of the financial mechanism of the Convention, the developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to the Convention shall:



(a) Provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by developing country Parties in advancing the implementation of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1(a), of the Convention that are covered in

Article 10, subparagraph (a); and



(b) Also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing the implementation of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention that are covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between a developing country Party and the international entity or entities referred to in Article 11 of the Convention, in accordance with that Article. (b) Also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing the implementation of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention that are covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between a developing country Party and the international entity or entities referred to in Article 11 of the Convention, in accordance with that Article.



The implementation of these existing commitments shall take into account the need for adequacy and predictability in the flow of funds and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among developed country Parties. The guidance to the entity or entities entrusted with the operation of the financial mechanism of the Convention in relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, including those agreed before the adoption of this Protocol, shall apply mutatis mutandis to the provisions of this paragraph.





3. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the

Convention may also provide, and developing country Parties avail themselves of, financial resources for the implementation of Article 10, through bilateral, regional and other multilateral channels.





Article 12





1. A clean development mechanism is hereby defined.



2. The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3. The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3.



3. Under the clean development mechanism:



(a) Parties not included in Annex I will benefit from project activities resulting in certified emission reductions; and



(b) Parties included in Annex I may use the certified emission reductions accruing from such project activities to contribute to compliance with part of their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, as determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. (b) Parties included in Annex I may use the certified emission reductions accruing from such project activities to contribute to compliance with part of their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, as determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.



4. The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised by an executive board of the clean development mechanism.



5. Emission reductions resulting from each project activity shall be certified by operational entities to be designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, on the basis of:



(a) Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved;



(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change; and



(c) Reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the certified project activity.



6. The clean development mechanism shall assist in arranging funding of certified project activities as necessary.











7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, elaborate modalities and procedures with the objective of ensuring transparency, efficiency and accountability through independent auditing and verification of project activities.



8. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall ensure that a share of the proceeds from certified project activities is used to cover administrative expenses as well as to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall ensure that a share of the proceeds from certified project activities is used to cover administrative expenses as well as to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation.



9. Participation under the clean development mechanism, including in activities mentioned in paragraph 3(a) above and in the acquisition of certified emission reductions, may involve private and/or public entities, and is to be subject to whatever guidance may be provided by the executive board of the clean development mechanism. Participation under the clean development mechanism, including in activities mentioned in paragraph 3(a) above and in the acquisition of certified emission reductions, may involve private and/or public entities, and is to be subject to whatever guidance may be provided by the executive board of the clean development mechanism.



10. Certified emission reductions obtained during the period from the year 2000 up to the beginning of the first commitment period can be used to assist in achieving compliance in the first commitment period.





Article 13





1. The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the

meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.



2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as

observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by those that are Parties to this Protocol.



3. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be replaced by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be replaced by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol.



4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall keep under regular review the implementation of this Protocol and shall make, within its mandate, the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. It shall perform the functions assigned to it by this Protocol and shall:



(a) Assess, on the basis of all information made available to it in accordance with

the provisions of this Protocol, the implementation of this Protocol by the Parties, the overall effects of the measures taken pursuant to this Protocol, in particular environmental, economic and social effects as well as their cumulative impacts and the extent to which progress towards the objective of the Convention is being achieved; the provisions of this Protocol, the implementation of this Protocol by the Parties, the overall effects of the measures taken pursuant to this Protocol, in particular environmental, economic and social effects as well as their cumulative impacts and the extent to which progress towards the objective of the Convention is being achieved;





(b) Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties under this Protocol, giving due consideration to any reviews required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Convention, in the light of the objective of the Convention, the experience gained in its implementation and the evolution of scientific and technological knowledge, and in this respect consider and adopt regular reports on the implementation of this Protocol; (b) Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties under this Protocol, giving due consideration to any reviews required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Convention, in the light of the objective of the Convention, the experience gained in its implementation and the evolution of scientific and technological knowledge, and in this respect consider and adopt regular reports on the implementation of this Protocol;



(c) Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures adopted by the Parties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments under this Protocol;



(d) Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination of measures adopted by them to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments under this Protocol;



(e) Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective of the Convention and the provisions of this Protocol, and taking fully into account the relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties, the development and periodic refinement of comparable methodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol, to be agreed on by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol; (e) Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective of the Convention and the provisions of this Protocol, and taking fully into account the relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties, the development and periodic refinement of comparable methodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol, to be agreed on by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol;



(f) Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the implementation of this Protocol;



(g) Seek to mobilize additional financial resources in accordance with

Article 11, paragraph 2;



(h) Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the implementation of this Protocol;



(i) Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and information provided by, competent international organizations and intergovernmental and non-governmental bodies; and



(j) Exercise such other functions as may be required for the implementation of this Protocol, and consider any assignment resulting from a decision by the Conference of the Parties.



5. The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties and financial procedures applied under the Convention shall be applied mutatis mutandis under this Protocol, except as may be otherwise decided by consensus by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties and financial procedures applied under the Convention shall be applied mutatis mutandis under this Protocol, except as may be otherwise decided by consensus by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol .



6. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be convened by the secretariat in conjunction with the first session of the Conference of the Parties that is scheduled after the date of the entry into force of this Protocol. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be convened by the secretariat in conjunction with the first session of the Conference of the Parties that is scheduled after the date of the entry into force of this Protocol. Subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties, unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties, unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.



7. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the

Parties to this Protocol shall be held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, or at the written request of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request being communicated to the Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties. Parties to this Protocol shall be held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, or at the written request of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request being communicated to the Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties.



8. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy

Agency, as well as any State member thereof or observers thereto not party to the Convention, may be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as observers. Any body or agency, whether national or international, governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters covered by this Protocol and which has informed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as an observer, may be so admitted unless at least one third of the Parties present object. Any body or agency, whether national or international, governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters covered by this Protocol and which has informed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as an observer, may be so admitted unless at least one third of the Parties present object. The admission and participation of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure, as referred to in

paragraph 5 above.




Article 14






1. The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat of this Protocol.



2. Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the secretariat, and

Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on arrangements made for the functioning of the secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The secretariat shall, in addition, exercise the functions assigned to it under this Protocol.





Article 15





1. The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serve as, respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol. The provisions relating to the functioning of these two bodies under the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. Sessions of the meetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in conjunction with the meetings of, respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of the Convention. Sessions of the meetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in conjunction with the meetings of, respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of the Convention.



2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies serve as the subsidiary bodies of this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by those that are Parties to this Protocol.



3. When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention exercise their functions with regard to matters concerning this Protocol, any member of the Bureaux of those subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a party to this Protocol, shall be replaced by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol. When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention exercise their functions with regard to matters concerning this Protocol, any member of the Bureaux of those subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a party to this Protocol, shall be replaced by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol.




Article 16






The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, as soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate, the multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of any relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference of the Parties. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, as soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate, the multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of any relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference of the Parties. Any multilateral consultative process that may be applied to this Protocol shall operate without prejudice to the procedures and mechanisms established in accordance with Article 18.





Article 17





The Conference of the Parties shall define the relevant principles, modalities, rules and guidelines, in particular for verification, reporting and accountability for emissions trading. The Parties included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for the purposes of fulfilling their commitments under Article 3. The Conference of the Parties shall define the relevant principles, modalities, rules and guidelines, in particular for verification, reporting and accountability for emissions trading. The Parties included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for the purposes of fulfilling their commitments under Article 3 . Any such trading shall be supplemental to domestic actions for the purpose of meeting quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under that Article.




Article 18





The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, approve appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms to determine and to address cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol, including through the development of an indicative list of consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree and frequency of non-compliance. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, approve appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms to determine and to address cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol, including through the development of an indicative list of consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree and frequency of non-compliance. Any procedures and mechanisms under this Article entailing binding consequences shall be adopted by means of an amendment to this Protocol.



Article 19






The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlement of disputes shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol.









Article 20



1. Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.



2. Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed amendment to this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed amendments to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.



3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed amendment to this Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted amendment shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.



4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with the Depositary. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enter into force for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three fourths of the Parties to this Protocol.



5. The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after the date on which that Party deposits with the Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said amendment.





Article 21



1. Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part thereof and, unless otherwise expressly provided, a reference to this Protocol constitutes at the same time a reference to any annexes thereto. Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shall be restricted to lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific, technical, procedural or administrative character.



2. Any Party may make proposals for an annex to this Protocol and may propose amendments to annexes to this Protocol.



3. Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.



4. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed annex or amendment to an annex by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the annex or amendment to an annex shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.



5. An annex, or amendment to an annex other than Annex A or B, that has been adopted in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into force for all Parties to this Protocol six months after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Parties of the adoption of the annex or adoption of the amendment to the annex, except for those Parties that have notified the Depositary, in writing, within that period of their non-acceptance of the annex or amendment to the annex. An annex, or amendment to an annex other than Annex A or B, that has been adopted in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into force for all Parties to this Protocol six months after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Parties of the adoption of the annex or adoption of the amendment to the annex, except for those Parties that have notified the Depositary, in writing, within that period of their non-acceptance of the annex or amendment to the annex. The annex or amendment to an annex shall enter into force for Parties which withdraw their notification of non-acceptance on the ninetieth day after the date on which withdrawal of such notification has been received by the Depositary.



6. If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment to this Protocol, that annex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until such time as the amendment to this Protocol enters into force.



7. Amendments to Annexes A and B to this Protocol shall be adopted and enter into force in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 20, provided that any amendment to Annex B shall be adopted only with the written consent of the Party concerned .





Article 22



1. Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph 2 below.



2. Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties to this Protocol. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right, and vice versa.





Article 23





The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of this Protocol.





Article 24



1. This Protocol shall be open for signature and subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by States and regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to the Convention. It shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York from

16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. This Protocol shall be open for accession from the day after the date on which it is closed for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.



2. Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a Party to this Protocol without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all the obligations under this Protocol. In the case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States is a Party to this Protocol, the organization and its member States shall decide on their respective responsibilities for the performance of their obligations under this Protocol. In such cases, the organization and the member States shall not be entitled to exercise rights under this Protocol concurrently.



3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, regional economic integration organizations shall declare the extent of their competence with respect to the matters governed by this Protocol. These organizations shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in turn inform the Parties, of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.




Article 25






1. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.



2. For the purposes of this Article, "the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I" means the amount communicated on or before the date of adoption of this Protocol by the Parties included in Annex I in their first national communications submitted in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention. For the purposes of this Article, "the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I" means the amount communicated on or before the date of adoption of this Protocol by the Parties included in Annex I in their first national communications submitted in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention.



3. For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts or

approves this Protocol or accedes thereto after the conditions set out in paragraph 1 above for entry into force have been fulfilled, this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day following the date of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.



4. For the purposes of this Article, any instrument deposited by a regional economic

integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members of the organization.




Article 26






No reservations may be made to this Protocol.




Article 27






1. At any time after three years from the date on which this Protocol has entered into force for a Party, that Party may withdraw from this Protocol by giving written notification to the Depositary.



2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date of receipt by the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of withdrawal.



3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also having withdrawn from this Protocol.









Article 28





The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the

United Nations.



DONE at Kyoto this eleventh day of December one thousand nine hundred and

ninety-seven.



IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have affixed their signatures to this Protocol on the dates indicated.



Annex A





Greenhouse gases



Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )

Methane (CH 4 )

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O)

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 )



Sectors/source categories



Energy

Fuel combustion

Energy industries

Manufacturing industries and construction

Transport

Other sectors

Other

Fugitive emissions from fuels

Solid fuels

Oil and natural gas

Other



Industrial processes

Mineral products

Chemical industry

Metal production

Other production

Production of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride

Consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride

Other



Solvent and other product use



Agriculture

Enteric fermentation

Manure management

Rice cultivation

Agricultural soils

Prescribed burning of savannas

Field burning of agricultural residues

Other







Waste

Solid waste disposal on land

Wastewater handling

Waste incineration

Other



Annex B





Party Quantified emission limitation or

reduction commitment

(percentage of base year or period)



Australia 108

Austria 92

Belgium 92

Bulgaria* 92

Canada 94

Croatia* 95

Czech Republic* 92

Denmark 92

Estonia* 92

European Community 92

Finland 92

France 92

Germany 92

Greece 92

Hungary* 94

Iceland 110

Ireland 92

Italy 92

Japan 94

Latvia* 92

Liechtenstein 92

Lithuania* 92

Luxembourg 92

Monaco 92

Netherlands 92

New Zealand 100

Norway 101

Poland* 94

Portugal 92

Romania* 92

Russian Federation* 100

Slovakia* 92

Slovenia* 92

Spain 92

Sweden 92

Switzerland 92

Ukraine* 100

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 92

United States of America 93

* Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy